Overview

Pathogenicity: Alzheimer's Disease : Not Classified
ACMG/AMP Pathogenicity Criteria: PS3, PM1, PM2, PP2, PP3
Clinical Phenotype: Alzheimer's Disease
Reference Assembly: GRCh37/hg19
Position: Chr14:73640384 T>C
dbSNP ID: NA
Coding/Non-Coding: Coding
DNA Change: Substitution
Expected RNA Consequence: Substitution
Expected Protein Consequence: Missense
Codon Change: CTG to CCG
Reference Isoform: PSEN1 Isoform 1 (467 aa)
Genomic Region: Exon 5

Findings

This mutation was found in a large French study reporting 56 new families with autosomal-dominant early onset Alzheimer's disease. All probands met NINCDS-ADRDA criteria for probable AD and had a family history of disease (Wallon et al., 2012).

The L150P mutation was detected in one individual in a family with six affected individuals. Only the genotype of the proband is known, therefore segregation with disease could not be determined. Age of onset in this family ranged from 54 to 65 years, with a duration of five to 10 years.

This variant was absent from the gnomAD variant database (gnomAD v2.1.1, May 2021).

Neuropathology

Neuropathological data are unavailable.

Biological Effect

A study that examined a range of Aβ peptides produced by human embryonic kidney cells expressing this variant and lacking endogenous PSEN1 and PSEN2 revealed increased Aβ42/Aβ40 and decreased Aβ37/Aβ42, both indicators of reduced Aβ trimming activity (Liu et al., 2022; Apr 2022 news). Of note, in this study, Aβ37/Aβ42 outperformed Aβ42/Aβ40 as a biomarker for distinguishing between control and AD samples. In addition, this variant increased the levels of Aβ43.

An in vitro assay using purified proteins also revealed an increase in the Aβ42/Aβ40 (Sun et al., 2017). In this case, the production of Aβ42 was reduced and the production of Aβ40 was undetectable, but this assay's ability to recapitulate physiological cleavage efficiency appears to be limited (see Liu et al., 2021).

Consistent with L150P's effects on APP processing, L150 has been implicated in the formation of an internal docking site that stabilizes substrate binding (Chen and Zacharias, 2022).

Effects on other cellular processes have also been reported. A transcriptomics analysis of glutamatergic neurons derived from L150P human induced pluripotent stem cells, for example, revealed alterations in the expression of extracellular matrix components and upregulation of regulatory circRNAs compared with isogenic controls (Corsi et al., 2023).

Several in silico algorithms (SIFT, Polyphen-2, LRT, MutationTaster, MutationAssessor, FATHMM, PROVEAN, CADD, REVEL, and Reve in the VarCards database) predicted this variant is damaging (Xiao et al., 2021).

The mutation was classified By Wallon and colleagues as probably pathogenic according to the algorithm proposed by Guerreiro et al., 2010.

Pathogenicity

Alzheimer's Disease : Not Classified*

*This variant fulfilled some ACMG-AMP criteria, but it was not classified by Alzforum, because data for either a pathogenic or benign classification are lacking: only one affected carrier has been reported without co-segregation data, and the variant is absent—or very rare—in the gnomAD database.

This variant fulfilled the following criteria based on the ACMG/AMP guidelines. See a full list of the criteria in the Methods page.

PS3-S

Well-established in vitro or in vivo functional studies supportive of a damaging effect on the gene or gene product.

PM1-M

Located in a mutational hot spot and/or critical and well-established functional domain (e.g. active site of an enzyme) without benign variation.

PM2-M

Absent from controls (or at extremely low frequency if recessive) in Exome Sequencing Project, 1000 Genomes Project, or Exome Aggregation Consortium. *Alzforum uses the gnomAD variant database.

PP2-P

Missense variant in a gene that has a low rate of benign missense variation and where missense variants are a common mechanism of disease.

PP3-P

Multiple lines of computational evidence support a deleterious effect on the gene or gene product (conservation, evolutionary, splicing impact, etc.). *In most cases, Alzforum applies this criterion when the variant’s PHRED-scaled CADD score is greater than or equal to 20.

	Pathogenic (PS, PM, PP)			Benign (BA, BS, BP)
Criteria Weighting	Strong (-S)	Moderate (-M)	Supporting (-P)	Supporting (-P)	Strong (-S)	Strongest (BA)

Research Models

Induced pluripotent stem cells were generated from skin fibroblasts isolated from a 58-year-old man carrying the mutation (Tubsuwan et al., 2016). An isogenic control line, with the mutation corrected using CRISPR/Cas9, is also available (Poon et al., 2016).

Last Updated: 18 Oct 2023

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References

News Citations

Paper Citations

Tubsuwan A, Pires C, Rasmussen MA, Schmid B, Nielsen JE, Hjermind LE, Hall V, Nielsen TT, Waldemar G, Hyttel P, Clausen C, Kitiyanant N, Freude KK, Holst B. Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from an Alzheimer's disease patient carrying a L150P mutation in PSEN-1. Stem Cell Res. 2016 Jan;16(1):110-2. Epub 2015 Dec 28 PubMed.
Poon A, Schmid B, Pires C, Nielsen TT, Hjermind LE, Nielsen JE, Holst B, Hyttel P, Freude KK. Generation of a gene-corrected isogenic control hiPSC line derived from a familial Alzheimer's disease patient carrying a L150P mutation in presenilin 1. Stem Cell Res. 2016 Nov;17(3):466-469. Epub 2016 Sep 24 PubMed.
Wallon D, Rousseau S, Rovelet-Lecrux A, Quillard-Muraine M, Guyant-Maréchal L, Martinaud O, Pariente J, Puel M, Rollin-Sillaire A, Pasquier F, Le Ber I, Sarazin M, Croisile B, Boutoleau-Bretonnière C, Thomas-Antérion C, Paquet C, Moreaud O, Gabelle A, Sellal F, Sauvée M, Laquerrière A, Duyckaerts C, Delisle MB, Streichenberger N, Lannes B, Frebourg T, Hannequin D, Campion D. The French series of autosomal dominant early onset Alzheimer's disease cases: mutation spectrum and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers. J Alzheimers Dis. 2012 Jan 1;30(4):847-56. PubMed.
Liu L, Lauro BM, He A, Lee H, Bhattarai S, Wolfe MS, Bennett DA, Karch CM, Young-Pearse T, Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network (DIAN), Selkoe DJ. Identification of the Aβ37/42 peptide ratio in CSF as an improved Aβ biomarker for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2022 Mar 12; PubMed.
Sun L, Zhou R, Yang G, Shi Y. Analysis of 138 pathogenic mutations in presenilin-1 on the in vitro production of Aβ42 and Aβ40 peptides by γ-secretase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017 Jan 24;114(4):E476-E485. Epub 2016 Dec 5 PubMed.
Liu L, Lauro BM, Wolfe MS, Selkoe DJ. Hydrophilic loop 1 of Presenilin-1 and the APP GxxxG transmembrane motif regulate γ-secretase function in generating Alzheimer-causing Aβ peptides. J Biol Chem. 2021;296:100393. Epub 2021 Feb 8 PubMed.
Chen SY, Zacharias M. An internal docking site stabilizes substrate binding to γ-secretase: Analysis by molecular dynamics simulations. Biophys J. 2022 Jun 21;121(12):2330-2344. Epub 2022 May 20 PubMed.
Corsi GI, Gadekar VP, Haukedal H, Doncheva NT, Anthon C, Ambardar S, Palakodeti D, Hyttel P, Freude K, Seemann SE, Gorodkin J. The transcriptomic landscape of neurons carrying PSEN1 mutations reveals changes in extracellular matrix components and non-coding gene expression. Neurobiol Dis. 2023 Mar;178:105980. Epub 2022 Dec 23 PubMed.
Xiao X, Liu H, Liu X, Zhang W, Zhang S, Jiao B. APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 Variants in Alzheimer's Disease: Systematic Re-evaluation According to ACMG Guidelines. Front Aging Neurosci. 2021;13:695808. Epub 2021 Jun 18 PubMed.
Guerreiro RJ, Baquero M, Blesa R, Boada M, Brás JM, Bullido MJ, Calado A, Crook R, Ferreira C, Frank A, Gómez-Isla T, Hernández I, Lleó A, Machado A, Martínez-Lage P, Masdeu J, Molina-Porcel L, Molinuevo JL, Pastor P, Pérez-Tur J, Relvas R, Oliveira CR, Ribeiro MH, Rogaeva E, Sa A, Samaranch L, Sánchez-Valle R, Santana I, Tàrraga L, Valdivieso F, Singleton A, Hardy J, Clarimón J. Genetic screening of Alzheimer's disease genes in Iberian and African samples yields novel mutations in presenilins and APP. Neurobiol Aging. 2010 May;31(5):725-31. Epub 2008 Jul 30 PubMed.

Mutations

PSEN1 L150P

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